The paper investigates the influence of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT on bond strength of splices. It presents an equation to calculate the bond strength of splices confined and not confined by TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT. The equation is given for normal strength and high strength concrete (HSC). For 138 normal strength concrete test results reported in the literature, the mean value of test/calculated bond strength is 1.00 with a standard deviation of 0.10. These values indicate a significant improvement in the prediction of the bond strength when compared them with the values obtained from other models. The comparison of the calculated values with HSC test results shows that the equation can also be used for the case of HSC with a good accuracy.

In the present study, a new model is derived to estimate the shear capacity of high-strength concrete slender beams without TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT using hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on the wide range of experimental results. The proposed model relates the shear capacity of beam to effective depth, compressive strength of concrete, percent of longitudinal REINFORCEMENT, ratio of shear span to effective depth, and nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate. The experimental data are randomly categorized into two subsets of the training set and test set. After establishing the proposed model, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the validity of proposed ANFIS-PSO model. For this purpose, the results of the proposed model are calculated by considering the variation of the two selected input parameters, whereas the values of other parameters are fixed at the corresponding median values. To check reliability of the proposed model more accurately, the predicted values are compared with the codes and standards such as: ACI 318-14, Eurocode-2, CEB-FIP Model Code, AS 3600-2009, and JSCE Guidelines against the whole experimental specimens based on the three well-known statistical measures,correlation coefficient (R^2), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). It can be found that the proposed ANFIS-PSO model passed desired conditions and could estimate the shear capacity of the high-strength concrete slender beams without TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT with a good degree of accuracy.

As service years increase, the corrosion of steel rebar stands out as a major problem for existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures in corrosion-inducing environment. The mechanism of steel corrosion in concrete is an electro chemical process, which is often accelerated by the ingress of aggressive chemicals, for example chloride ion. The accumulation of corrosion products on steel rebar is able to generate circular stress which could result in cover cracking. Corrosion of steel rebar will degrade the physical appearance and reduce its original cross section. Corrosion often appears to be non-uniform and localized. Corrosion damaged RC elements displayed smaller yield strength, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, etc. Corrosion level of stirrup tends to be higher than longitudinal rebar due to smaller diameter and less cover protection. Stirrup corrosion decreased confinement behaviour on concrete, thus exacerbating the degeneration of the deformation capacity and the ductility of the RC structures. The corrosion of REINFORCEMENT steel bars (rebar) is a natural electrochemical reaction RC structures have to face with. It is exacerbated by exposure to corrosion-inducing environment factors, including de-icing salt, marine salty water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. The chloride from salt (NaCl) could make hazardously chemical attack on steel bar by acting as an efficient catalyst in the corrosion process. The corrosion of steel bar in the existing reinforced concrete structure has raised great concern over its safety and seismic performance among practising engineers, researchers and residents, etc., because steel bar is the most essential element in RC. Corrosion reduces the effective cross-section area of longitudinal and TRANSVERSE rebars. Due to a small concrete cover of TRANSVERSE rebars compared with longitudinal rebars, the corrosion of them becomes earlier and more severe, leading to cracks in concrete, a decrease of confinement, an intensification of reduction in deformation capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete structures. For this purpose, an experimental investigation is carried out on reinforced concrete specimens include spiral and stirrup and the variables include the corrosion percentage, rebar diameter, TRANSVERSE rebar pitch, and confined core diameter. Results demonstrate that the high degree corrosion has a fewer significant effect on the reduction in confinement strength, and smaller-sized TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs are less sensitive to corrosion.

The paper discusses a nonlinear analysis of 2-D reinforced concrete frames using the Macroscopic Finite Element Model (Mac.FEM). In the elastic analysis, the reference axis for calculation of the flexural rigidity (EI) is the centroid of the cross section. This axis cannot be used for the nonlinear analysis because of variation of the modulus of elasticity over the depth of the cross section. The paper proposes a rational reference axis for the flexural rigidity (i.e., rigidity center) using the equilibrium equation and finite element theories. The proposed reference axis is used in the nonlinear analysis to predict the structural behavior of reinforced concrete frames. In the analysis, a nonlinear stress versus strain relationship for the confined concrete in compression is used to account for the effect of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT on the strength and ductility of structural frames. Comparison of the test results with the proposed analysis shows that the Mac. FEM can accurately predict the strength and behavior of reinforced concrete frames if the confining effect of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT and the rigidity center are taken into account.  

In this paper, the performance of the strip of scrap tires (Geo Scrap Tire(GST)) with horizontal TRANSVERSE members evaluates as REINFORCEMENT elements in mechanically stabilized earth walls (MSEWs) by large scale pullout test (i. e. 1. 4 m × 0. 8 m × 0. 8 m). In this regards, the experimental pullout results of GST REINFORCEMENT compared with theoretical equations and conventional REINFORCEMENT of Geosynthetic Strip (GS), Steel Strip (ST) and Steel Strip with Rib (STR). The experimental pullout results showed that the innovative suggested REINFORCEMENT element performed better than the other strips so that the GST strip was capable of increasing pullout resistance by more than 3, 2. 5 and 1. 5 times compared to the steel strip, the geosynthetic strip and the ribbed steel strip. The results show maximum pullout resistance of GST affected by the S/B ratio and with adding three horizontal TRANSVERSE members can be increasing pullout resistance by more than 5. 9, 4. 9 and 3. 2 times compared to ST, GS and STR. Thus, using GST REINFORCEMENT with three horizontal TRANSVERSE member needs a smaller length (less than 30%) comparing to conventional strip REINFORCEMENT (ST, GS, STR). Therefore, using Geo Scrap Tire REINFORCEMENT can open a new horizon in solving the problem of scrap tires and assure geotechnical engineers in achieving superior and more economical systems of reinforced soil walls.

During this research, the buckling behavior of elliptical CDFST columns is investigated numerically in Abaqus Software using TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs in the outer tube of the column. For this purpose, an elliptical CFDST column is simulated in Abaqus Software and subjected to compressive loading. The TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs are validated and placed in the outer tube of the elliptical CFDST column, and parameters such as thickness, REINFORCEMENT dimensions, and distance between them vary within the range of 4, 6, 8 mm; 2, 4, 6 cm, and 2, 4 and 6 cm, respectively and a total of 27 models will be analyzed during the research. The results obtained from this study are in good agreement with the results of previous studies and showed that the finite element method can provide accurate behavior of these columns. The results of this study showed a 15 to 40% increase in load-bearing capacity with the highest compressive strength in elliptical CFDST columns using TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs. Also, the effect of increasing the thickness and dimensions on load bearing enhances by 20% and 15%, respectively while the effect of increasing the distance between TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs reduces the bearing capacity by 10%. The maximum axial strength was observed in CFDST columns with TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs.

this paper, a cyclic constitutive model is developed for high-strength concrete (HSC) confined by ultra-high-strength and NORMAL-STRENGTH TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENTs (UHSTR and NSTR), with the intention of providing efficient modeling for the member and structural behavior of HSC in seismic regions. The model for HSC subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading, comprises four components, an envelope curve (for monotonic, cyclic and earthquake loadings), an unloading curve, a reloading curve, and a tensile unloading curve. It explicitly accounts for the effects of concrete compressive strength, the volumetric ratio of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT, yield strength of ties, tie spacing, and tie pattern. The proposed envelope curve models for confined HSC cover four options, namely, (1) rectangular (square) cross section with NSTR, (2) circular cross section with NSTR, (3) rectangular (square) cross section with UHSTR, and (4) circular cross section with UHSTR. Comparisons with test results showed that the proposed model provides a good fitting to a wide range of experimental results. The configuration of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT had a particularly large effect.

The present study addresses optimal design of reinforced concrete (RC) columns based on equivalent equations considering deformability regulations of ACI318-14 under axial force and uniaxial bending moment. This study contrary to common approaches working with trial and error approach in design, at first presents an exact solution for intensity of longitudinal REINFORCEMENT in column section by solving equivalent equation. Then, longitudinal and TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT details are assessed regarding the previous step results and where achieving the lowest steel consumption design in the column is selected as the optimum. In addition to optimizing column cross-section dimension by implementing single-variable optimization methods, the effect of axial force, bending moment and concrete compressive strength variations on the column cross-section dimension, intensity of longitudinal REINFORCEMENT, construction costs and total weight of consumption steel have been investigated. The investigation on the validity of the proposed method was assessed and signified through comparison with the existed work in the literature. Finding an exact solution considering all regulations and constraints is the advantage of this method in determining optimized RC column.

Portal hypertension associated with liver cirrhosis usually leads to gastroesophageal varices; however, ectopic varices secondary to liver cirrhosis are not common, especially colonic varices which occur with a low frequency. We are going to discuss the case of a 75-year-old man with liver (HBV) cirrhosis who was admitted to the hospital with rectorrhagia. Colonoscopy revealed evidence of acute bleeding in tortuous colonic varices. The band ligation performed during the colonoscopy had failed to control the bleeding. The patient was referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran, and rectorrhagia was subsequently successfully controlled by BRTO technique (balloon-occluded retrograded transvenous obliteration).

In this research, the ductility of lap-spliced concrete beams reinforced with steel and FRP bars is analyzed. A number of 16 beam specimens reinforced with steel bars and 7 with FRP bar were designed and manufactured in real sizes and dimensions for laboratory experiments. The parameters of concrete compressive strength, amount of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT over the splice length and the diameter of longitudinal bars, are selected as the main variables for the beam specimens. Mid-span displacements and the corresponding forces were obtained by means of a hydraulic jack, load cell, LVDT and a Data Logger set. The force versus mid-span displacement curves were obtained using the experimental data. A ductility index which has been defined by researchers, was used to evaluate the ductility of the specimens.Comparison of the ductility index of different specimens shows that the compressive strength of concrete and the amount and the bar diameter of the TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT over the splice length, has a major effect on the ductility of lap-spliced reinforced concrete beams. The results show that by using an appropriate amount of TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT, a satisfactory ductility response for different compressive strengths of concrete can be obtained.